This is the first core course of Chemistry in the B.Sc. programme being offered under CBCS Scheme. The theory course (BCHCT-131) has a credit-weightage worth 4 credits and there is a separate lab course (BCHCL-132) worth 2 credits alongwith this course. This theory course consists of four blocks which contain nineteen Units. The first two blocks, i.e. Block 1 and Block 2 are devoted to the basic concepts related to atomic structure, chemical bonding and molecular structure. The other two blocks, i.e., Block 3 and Block 4 focus on the fundamental aspects of organic chemistry and hydrocarbons. Block 1 on ‘Atomic Structure’ contains five units which discuss the important concepts related to the structure of atom in Units 1 to 3. The structure of Hydrogen Atom is described in detail in Unit 4.This block also explains the Electronic Configurations of Multi-electron Atoms in Unit 5. Block 2 on ‘Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure’ comprises four units. Unit 6 is devoted to Ionic Bonding while Covalent Bonding is discussed in detail in Unit 7 whereas Valence Bond Theory is described in Unit 8. The last unit of this Block, i.e. Unit 9 explains the important aspects of Molecular Orbital Theory. Block 3 on ‘Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry’ contains five units. The first three units of this block,i.e. Units 10 to 12 cover the important concepts of Stereochemistry. Unit 10 describes the general aspects as well as Geometrical and Optical Isomerisms. However, the Configurational Isomers are discussed in Unit 11. Unit 12 explains Conformational Isomerism. In Unit 13, the Structure Reactivity Relationships are discussed in detail. The last unit of this Block, i.e. Unit 14 explains the basic concepts related to Organic Reactions and Reactive Intermediates. Block 4 on ‘Hydrocarbons’ comprises five units. The important aspects of the structure and chemical reactions of Alkanes are discussed in Unit 15. Units 16 and 17 describe the chemistry of Alkenes while Unit 18 explains the structure and reactions of Alkynes. The last unit of this block and the course, i.e. Unit 19 on Aromacity highlights the important features and nomenclature of aromatic compounds. This course is being offered at the first Semester and will build up foundation for the other courses which you will study in the other semesters. You are expected to spend a total of about 120 hours for completing this course. This is the average time which is to be spent by a learner on studying the course material, doing self-assessment questions given in the blocks and the assignment, attending counselling sessions, watching the audio-video programmes and participating in IRC/tele conferencing sessions related to this course.

This manual gives the procedural details of various experiments you arerequired to perform in the course of this lab work. Appropriate conceptual basis has also been laid for each experiment to make this manual complete in itself. Two common tools, a scientist uses, are observation and reasoning. An experiment is a controlled observation. We perform an experiment having some aim in our mind. We make observations and draw conclusions by logically analysing these observations. Chemistry has been defined as ‘the integrated study of the preparation, properties, structure and reactions of the chemical elements and their compounds and of the systems which they form’. As such experimental work forms an essential part of chemistry which has, indeed, been defined as an experimental science. One type of experiments in chemistry are known as analytical experiments. These deal with analysing various materials to find the nature and the amount of components constituting them. The other type of experiments deals with the synthesis of substances. Broadly, analytical experiments are further divided into two types, viz., qualitative, concerned with the identification and separation of chemical substances, and quantitative, concerned with the determination of the amount of a chemical substance present, either alone or in a simple or complex mixture with other substances. Quantitative analysis is further classified into various types, e.g., gravimetric analysis, volumetric or titrimetric analysis, etc. In this course we begin by explaining the basic concepts involved in titrimetric analysis under the quantitative type. In Unit 1 you would be introducedfirst to the basic skills, such as, how to weigh a sample, measure volumes and prepare a solution for titrimetric analysis. Perhaps you might have learnt these skills in your previous classes. This unit is an important review and extension. You will also learn the handling of lab reagents and safety measures to be observed while working in the laboratory. After the unit there are a number of quantitative experiments given with procedural details. The 1st experiment is based on a neutralisation type of titration. Experiment 2, 3and 4 are based on redox titrations and the 5th experiment is based on iodometry.Under the qualitative type of analysis you will detect extra elements in organic compounds in Experiment 6. Experiment 7and 8 deal with a separation technique called paper chromatography where you will identify and separate components in a given mixture of amino acids and a mixture of sugars.

Dear learners, welcome to the Core Course in Chemistry titled, " Chemical Energetics, Equilibria and Functional Group Organic Chemistry-I". This Course is designed as per the CBCS scheme of UGC and is worth four credits. It requires an average of about 120 hours of study time at your end. As is evident from the name of the course, it has been designed to cover the contents from the domains of Physical Chemistry as well as Organic Chemistry. The course content has been divided into a total of nineteen units (chapters) that are organised into four blocks. The first two blocks containing nine units cover the topics of physical Chemistry and the remaining two blocks cover topics of Organic Chemistry. In order to facilitate the organisation of the course content it is presented in two volumes.

This manual gives the procedural details of various experiments you are required to perform in the course of this lab work. Appropriate conceptual basis has also been laid for each experiment to make this manual complete in itself. This Laboratory manual has two sections. Section A deals with experiments in physical chemistry and Section B with experiments in organic chemistry. There are sevenexperiments in the Section A. First six experiments of this section are based on thermochemistry. These experiments explain how to determine the enthalpies of solution, neutralisation, ionisation, hydration and dissolution. Last two experiments provides procedural detail for the measurement of pH of some commercial products such as aerated drinks, fruit juices, soaps, shampoos and buffer solutions using pH-meter. In Section B, various preparatory techniques along with some organic preparations have been discussed. You are going to use simple laboratory techniques such as heating, cooling, stirring and filtration as well as separation and purification techniques like crystallisation and distillation. You are also going to perform five experiments based on organic preparations.

This manual gives the procedural details of various experiments you are required to perform in the course of this lab work. Appropriate conceptual basis has also been laid for each experiment to make this manual complete in itself.
This Laboratory manual has two sections. Section A deals with experiments in physical chemistry and Section B with experiments in organic chemistry. There are seven experiments in the Section A. The first four experiments are based on chemical and phase equilibrium. Whereas, the last two experiments provide procedural detail for the conductometric and potentiometric titrations of acids and bases. These involve, the measurement of conductance and emf respectively as a function of volume of the titrant for the determination of the equivalence point of the titrations. Part B mainly deals with qualitative organic analysis. We shall study the experiment procedures for the qualitative classification tests and preparation of derivatives for organic compounds having commonly encountered functional groups such as phenolic, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and nitro. Besides these three experiments based on organic qualitative analysis we have also include three more experiments which deal with tests use for differentiating reducing and non-reducing sugars, determination of glycine and action of salivary amylase on starch.

This is the core course of Chemistry in the B.Sc. General programme being offered under CBCS Scheme at the fourth semester. The theory course (BCHCT-137) has a creditweightage worth 4 credits. This course contains two parts, i.e., Part A and Part B. Both of them have a weightage of two credits each. Part A is devoted to the content related to d and f-block elements and coordination chemistry. Part B contains the content related to states of matter and chemical kinetics. These sections have seven Units each and you are expected to devote equal time to both these parts.
The first two blocks of Part A deal with d and f-block elements and coordination chemistry. Block 1 on ‘d and f-block elements’ has three units. In this block you will study the general features of the chemistry of the d and f-block elements which are also referred to as transition and inner-transition elements. Block 2 on ‘Coordination Chemistry’ has four units In this block you will study about the coordination compounds and the crystal field theory. Block 3 on ‘States of Matter’ has five units. It deals with details of gases, liquids and solids. Block 4 on ‘Chemical Kinetics’ has two units and deals with rate laws, its theories and order of reactions.
This course is being offered at the fourth Semester and will build up foundation for the other courses which you will study in the other semesters. You are expected to spend a total of about 120 hours for completing this course. This is the average time which is to be spent by a learner on studying the course material, doing selfassessment questions as well as terminal questions given in the blocks and the assignment, attending counseling sessions, watching the audio-video programmes and participating in IRC/ teleconferencing sessions related to this course.

This manual gives the procedural details of various experiments you are required to perform in the course of this lab work. Appropriate conceptual basis has also been laid for each experiment to make this manual complete in itself.
This Laboratory manual has two sections. Section A deals with experiments in inorganic chemistry and Section B with experiments in physical chemistry. There are eight experiments in the Section A. First unit has two experiments based on qualitative inorganic analysis and next two experiments deal with gravimetric analysis. Thereafter there are two experiments on complexometric titration and the last two experiments provide procedural detail for spectrophotometric titration and Job’s method of determining composition of a complex, respectively. These last two experiments are of demonstration or optional nature. Part B mainly deals with experiments of physical chemistry. In experiments 6 and 7, you will be performing experiments related to the study of surface tension. In experiment 7, determination of the surface tension of detergent solutions of different concentrations and study the change in surface tension with the change in concentration of the detergent has been dealt. The measurement of the coefficient of viscosity of a liquid or an aqueous solution and the variation of viscosity of an aqueous solution of a detergent with concentration has been discussed experiments 8A and 8B. The experiments 9 to 11 are based on the study of reaction kinetics.

Physical geography is one of the two major branches of systematic geography. It consists of the four main spheres of the earth i.e., lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Physical geographers study the nature of natural phenomena and processes operating in these spheres. This course would enable the learners to observe spatial variations and similarities in natural phenomenon and reasons for these, and the consequences thereof, in relation to human beings.

Human geography is one of the two main branches of geography. Physical geography is the other main branch. The basic philosophy of introducing human geography is to make learners aware about spatial differentiation and organization of human activities and interrelationship with earth and its environment.

Cartography is the art and science of making maps. Till recently, maps were being made manually which was both time consuming and tedious. However, with the advancement of technology, cartographic techniques have continuously been changing in order to meet the demands of new generation of mapmakers and map users. This course deals with the introduction to cartography, map projections, sources of data, map reading and interpretation, and representation of data with an aim to train the learners in cartographic tools and techniques for geographical studies.

The course titled ‘General Cartography-Laboratory (BGGCL-134)’ is a dedicated 02 Credit Laboratory Course comprising of 12 exercises. This course is designed in such a way that the theoretical components dealt in the ‘General Cartography-Theory (BGGCT-133)’ course of the B.Sc. General in Geography Programme has been integrated mostly in the form of laboratory exercises to enhance the learner skills in the field of cartography. You are required to complete all the exercises given in the Laboratory and submit the same as per the given instructions. It is expected that after completion of these exercises, you will gain hands-on experience and skills for reading, constructing and solving various aspects of geographical inquiry.

This course is designed to develop a broad understanding of natural environment and human-nature interrelationship that are very important today within environmental geography. This course is set out in the form of different blocks such as introduction to environmental geography, human-environment relationship, environmental problems and management, conservation of environment, and environmental issues programmes and policies. This course will help to identify some of the significant adverse environmental effects caused by human activities and facilitate to address these consequences through proper management policies and legislation from global to local perspective. This course will provide an opportunity to think about various environmental problems in a wider context.

This is the first mathematics course you will be studying in the Bachelor’s Degree Programme. The aim of this course is to develop an understanding of basic mathematical concepts and techniques that you will require for studying other mathematics courses of the programme, as well as any further study and work you undertake in mathematics. Calculus is divided into two broad areas, differential calculus and integral calculus. Broadly speaking, differential calculus is the study of change and integral calculus is about adding up the parts. Differential calculus helps you to find, for example, the effect of changing conditions on a system being investigated, and hence to gain control over the system. The process of this mathematical investigation uses the powerful technique of modelling the phenomena concerned. The models usually involve differential equations. Differential calculus is useful in formulating models and integral calculus is used to solve the differential equations associated with the model. Apart from well known applications in physics, mathematical models based on calculus are used for the study of population ecology, cybernetics, management practices, economics and medicine.

In this course on differential equations, we shall be dealing with both ordinary as well as partial differential equations. For a better understanding of the concepts in the course a good knowledge of calculus is essential. The knowledge of our calculus course BMTC-131 will more or less fulfill your this requirement. Since BMTC-131only deals with a function of one variable, to fill up the gaps, we have added contents on functions of two and more variables in this course. Accordingly, we have divided the material in this course into four blocks.

Real Analysis is the branch of mathematics that studies the structure of real numbers and the behavior of functions defined on the set of real numbers. You already have some idea of the structure of the set of real numbers, and of functions defined on it, from the 1st semester course, Calculus. In that course you were introduced to many concepts such as limit, continuity, differentiability and integrability for real-valued functions, though more from an algorithmic and computational aspect. However, when you apply the algorithms, it is important to know the logic behind them. The study of analysis provides the reasons behind these computation rules. The study will also help you to develop “analytical thinking” and the ability to apply mathematics more precisely and confidently.

Algebra is a word that you are familiar with. You may also know that it is derived from the Arabic word ‘Al-jabr’. Classically, algebra was concerned with obtaining solutions of equations. Then came ‘modern algebra’, a term used to describe detailed investigations within classical algebra. In Block 1 of the course, Calculus, you have studied some of the concepts of modern algebra – sets and operations on them, functions, a binary operation on a set, an algebraic way of studying plane geometry, properties of complex numbers, what a polynomial over R is, and solutions of some polynomial equations. In this course, we shall build on this learning, and take you much further. In this course, we will focus on ‘abstract algebra’, a generalisation of modern algebra. In abstract algebra we study algebraic systems that are defined by axioms alone. These axioms normally evolve from concrete situations. In this course, comprising four blocks, you will study three basic algebraic systems, namely, groups, rings and fields.

The branch of physics dealing with the motion of bodies as well as bodies at rest or in equilibrium is called mechanics. Today, mechanics is regarded as the most fundamental area of physics. In order to study other areas of physics, such as waves, thermal physics, electromagnetism, optics, etc., you need to have a sound knowledge of mechanics.

In this laboratory course on Mechanics various experiments related to basic physics concepts learnt in the theory course on Mechanics (BPHCT 131) are included.

Electricity and magnetism are related with countless phenomena around us: From the lightning lighting up a stormy sky, the electrical power generation plants and distribution systems, and electronic and electrical communication systems, to the numerous electrical appliances and machinery which we use all the time in our daily lives The structure and interactions of microscopic particles, the stability of atoms and molecules, and all matter are governed by the electromagnetic forces.

In this laboratory course on Electricity & Magnetism various experiments related to basic physics concepts learnt in the theory course on Electricity & Magnetism (BPHCT 133) are included.

This course is one of the most fascinating courses taught to Undergraduate physics students. It finds use in material science, engineering, chemistry, quantum, atomic and molecular physics, spectroscopy and beyond.

This is a 4 - credit course presented in four blocks. In the first block entitled ‘Waves – An Introduction’, you will study the basic concepts related to wave motion. The understanding about formation and propagation of mechanical waves on a string will give you a background to appreciate the wave nature of light.

In this laboratory course on Waves and Optics, you will perform various experiments related to basic physics concepts you have learnt in the theory course entitled Waves and Optics (BPHCT-137). We have included experiments in this course to give you a hands-on experience of working with a variety of optical components such as lenses, prisms and diffraction grating and some common equipment such as spectrometer, telescope and travelling microscope.

• Dr Geetika S. Johry

• Dr Geetika S. Johry

• Dr Geetika S. Johry

• Dr Geetika S. Johry